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243 The system uses jet impingement cooling, which means that wa- ter makes direct contact with the back of the chip via micro-channels in the heat sink, according to research papers by the IBM and ETH scien- tists involved in the Aquasar project. "This method incurs neither the thermal resistance overhead of a base plate, nor the overhead and reli- ability problem of thermal interface materials, and thus is promising for removing highest-power densities," according to one paper. Pipelines from the individual blades link to the server rack's wa- ter-pipe network, which in turn is connected to the main water transpor- tation network. Aquasar will need about 10 liters of water for cooling, pumped at some 30 liters per minute, IBM said. The cooling system is a closed circuit: the water is heated by the chips and cooled to the re- quired temperature as it passes through a passive heat exchanger, deliv- ering the removed heat directly to the heating system of the university. Aquasar will be used by the computer science department at ETH Zurich for multiscale flow simulations related to nanotechnology and fluid dynamics. Researchers plan to show that solving scientific prob- lems efficiently can be performed in an energy-efficient manner. Vocabulary ETH – The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich – Швейцарский государственный технический институт в Цюрихе Surplus heat – избыточное тепло , резерв тепловой мощности Blade server – ячеечный сервер Multiple – составной , многочисленный Teraflops – триллион операций с плавающей точкой в секунду Humanity – человечество Encompass – выполнять , осуществлять Jet impingement cooling – охлаждение ударной струей Heat sink – теплоотвод To incur – подвергаться чему - либо Overhead – непроизводительные затраты Rack – стойка , штатив Heat exchanger – теплообменник Fluid dynamics – гидрогазодинамика Multiscale – многошкальный