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242 tion of IBM PowerXCell 8i and Intel Nehalem processors. It is ex- pected to deliver a peak performance of about 10 teraflops. The installation will reuse heat directly for in-building heating. IBM estimates that the water-cooling scheme will reduce the system's carbon footprint by up to 85 percent and save up to 30 tons of carbon dioxide annually, compared with standard cooling approaches. The comparison calculations are based on average yearly operation of the system and on in-building heating energy being produced by fossil fu- els, the company said. The energy-consuming refrigeration units used by almost every data center consume about half of the data center's energy. Aquasar will need no such equipment. As a result, it should reduce overall energy consumption by 40 percent, according to IBM. "Energy is arguably the number-one challenge humanity will be facing in the 21st century. We cannot afford anymore to design com- puter systems based on the criterion of computational speed and per- formance alone," Professor Poulikakos of ETH Zurich, the leader of the Aquasar project, said in a statement. "The new target must be high- performance and low-net power consumption supercomputers and data centers. This means liquid cooling." The system is the product of an extended joint research project between ETH and IBM scientists, focused on chip-level water-cooling. It also encompasses a concept for "water-cooled data centers with di- rect energy re-use" proposed by scientists at IBM's Zurich Lab. Aquasar's use of warm water rather than cold water for cooling is unique and IBM-patented, a spokesman for the company said. Water, which is about 4,000 times more efficient as a coolant than air, will en- ter the system at 60 degrees C. This will keep the chips in the system at operating temperatures below their maximum of 85 degrees C, accord- ing to IBM. The high input temperature of the coolant results in an even higher-grade heat as an output, which in this case will be about 65 de- grees C, the company said.