Английский язык: Аннотирование и реферирование текста

10 agement is internal, as is the art of administration above, but involves the efficient combination and conservation of the elements of produc- tion: labor, capital equipment, natural resources, raw materials, and the money for acquiring them. Economic management includes the identi- fication, measurement, and choice of alternatives consistent with the objectives of the firm. It also includes the jobs production. Statistics, accounting, and techniques of interpretation and analysis based on nu- merical data are essential tools for economic management. However, these information and analytical tools must fit into an over-all logical system of analysis. Portions for formal economics presently provide the most relevant theoretical framework. The third area of future management is external to the firm. This is the market environment. In the market the firm must buy human, physical, and financial resources and must sell its completed products. Managers require both general and specialized knowledge here. The general knowledge includes the application of the tools of productive resources and final products. There should also be some general famili- arity with the kinds of institutional arrangements under which re- sources, goods, and services are bought, hired, or sold. The specialized knowledge required involves a mastery of continually changing details and, for the most part, can best be gained in company training programs or through direct experience. The fourth area is also external the non-market environment. The latest to be recognized, it is by no means the least important. Its ele- ments are numerous; including the legal foundations of the economic system; the political framework in which firms must operate; the whole aggregate of economic force which determine the level of total produc- tion, income, and employment; the growing field of international de- velopments; the impact of scientific and technological progress; influ- ences and pressures from private groups in such areas as labor, agricul- ture, and banking; and widespread social attitudes loosely called the climate of opinion. To meet unforeseen changes in this variety, of ex-