Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

grammatical forms of words contrasted or related in grammatical meaning. The unity of such elements constitute paradigm. In the English language we can single out the paradigms of case and number of the noun, the paradigms of tense, voice and aspect typical of the English verb. All these paradigms represent certain grammatical categories. Grammatical meaning is usually defined as the generalized abstract meaning, typical of lexico-grammatical classes of words and which has formal means of expression e.g. the formal marker's' attached to noun conveys the grammatical meaning of plurality, the absence of formal marker under certain conditions can also be meaningful. Grammatical meaning discloses the systemic nature of a given language. Most Indo-European languages including English have the following means of expressing grammatical meaning; synthetical and analytical. Synthetical grammatical forms are based on inner inflection, outer inflection and suppletivity. Inner inflection is used in English in irregular verbs for the formation of the past indefinite and the past participle, besides; it is used in a few nouns for the formation of the plural. e.g. take-took-taken, keep-kept-kept, man-men, foot-feet Suppletivity consists in the grammatical interchange of word roots. Suppletivity is used in the forms of the verbs 'be' and 'go', in the irregular forms of the degrees of comparison, in some forms of personal pronouns. e.g. be-am-are-is-was-were, good-better, little-less, I-me, we-us, she-her Outer inflection is a productive means of affixation which amounts to grammatical sufExation. Suffixes are used to build up the number and case forms of the noun, the comparison forms of the adjective and adverb, etc. e.g. boy - boys, go - goes, work - worked, small - smaller Analytical grammatical form consists of at least two elements one of which is purely fimctional (auxiliary) and the other is notional e.g. is going, has written The general grammatical meaning is conveyed equally by all the elements constituting an analytical form. There are no syntactic relations between components of analytical forms. Analytical forms are functionally equivalent to syntheticd forms of the words. Questions for self-control; 1. What are 3 constituent parts of the language? 2. What is the aim of the theoretical grammar? 3. What notions are central in theoretical grammar? 4. What does Morphology study? 5. What does "the systemic character of the language" mean? 6. What are 2fimdamentaltypes of relation between lingual units? 7. What do we call "syntagma"?