Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

categories. The minimal paradigm consists of two form stages. This kind of paradigm we see, for instance, in the expression of the category of number: boy-boys. Units of language are divided into segmental and suprasegmental. The segmental units of language form a hierarchy of levels. texteme Supra-proposemic level is the highest level of sentence groups with its micro-topic as part of continual text, i.e. separate sentences are united into topical groupings. In printed text it very often coincides witli the paragraph. proposeme Proposemic level, proposeme (propositio - sentence, Latin) expresses predication, i.e. shows the relation of the event to reality, sentence is a predicative unit. phrase(word-group) Phrasemic level, there belong combinations of two or more words: picturesque village, extremely difficult, the unexpected arrival of the chief, etc. lexeme(word) Lexemic level, the word is a directly nominative unit of language: it names things and their relations. Since words are built up by morphemes, the shortest word consists of one morpheme only: man, will, but. I, etc. morpheme Morphemic level, the morpheme is the elementary meaningful part of the word, it is built up by phonemes, so that the shortest morphemes include only one phoneme: ros-y, come-s, etc. phoneme Phonemic level is the lowest level, it is formed by phonemes as the material elements of the higher level segments, the phoneme has no meaning, and its function is purely differential: it differentiates morphemes and words. Since the phoneme has no meaning, it's not a sign. Phonemes are combined into syllables and are represented by letters in writing. To supra-segmental units belong intonations, accents, pauses, and patterns of word-order. 6