Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

The main issue of functional Syntax is how rules of grammar operate to make the process of communication more effective and productive. In tliis respect problems of traditional grammar become secondary. Thefimctional approach treats the language from the point of view of the social use. By means of language, communicative relationships between the speaker and the listener are established. It is important to mention in this connection that the functional approach treats a sentence within a certain context, for it considers a sentence as just an element within the general process of communication. In contrast with fimctional linguistics, linguistic pragmatics studies meaning within a context. This problem is one of the most important for the linguistic communication. It determines common features of functional and pragmatic approaches to linguistic in general and grammar in particular. Usually pragmatics is discussed alongside syntax and semantics. The difference between the three was defined by Charles Morris in 1936. Thus syntax was associated with the purely formal study of semantic relationship, semantics was considered as a certain relation of the sign, of its user including the psychological, biological and social aspects of the sign. Pragmatics included such components as discourse, strategy and sociolingiustics. As we know semantics studies the binary opposition of form and meaning. Pragmatics deals with the trifle relationship between the speaker, the form and the meaning. In the pragmatic approach it is also important to remember about the addressee for whom a particular utterance is meant. A speaker and his listener (writer - reader) should possess the same background knowledge to be able to understand the context of a particular speech - event and its communicative value in the general discourse. Many linguists think that pragmatic stands beyond the system of a language. Linguistics exists as a system and pragmatics studies how the system is used. In pragmatics the meaning is viewed from the point of view of particular speech situations and includes the participants in the communication. Thus Jefirey Leech defines pragmatics as the study of meaning in connection with the situation of speech. It is important to know how to operate the rules of grammar, how to use different utterances, depending on a certain speech situation, to illustrate the point. It is possible to remind of the universal grammar and the more recent cognitive grammar trends m linguistics where the system of cognitive grammatical categories is represented. In particular it is known that the central construction of the English language is S + V + О and the following example illustrates this point: 'I like him'. This sentence illustrates the basic construction of a sentence in English. It is grammatically perfect, that at the same time there is nothing wrong in the sentence 'Him I like'. But in this case some special situation of speech is an operation. So in a case like this a learner of English, especially foreign learner should know in what particular situation he or she may use the construction and whether or not it is just a bad grammatical mistake and whether or not it sounds natural for a native speaker of English. 40