Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

Of course you understand that after John breaking his appointment I'm never going to speak to him again, (adverbial modifier of time) I ought to have realized the possibility of such a thing happening, (attribute) 5) The Absolute Construction — a syntactic construction which also consists of at least two elements — a subject and a predicative, but differs from the other syntactic complexes in that its grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence is much looser. It is often marked off by a comma. Absolute constructions fimction as adverbial modifiers of attending circumstances and description and may be joined to the sentence either asyndetically or with the help of the preposition with or without. The first element of the absolute construction is usually a noun or a pronoun: the second elenaent naay be expressed by an infinitive, an ing-form, a participle, a novm with or without a preposition, an adjective or an adverb. e.g. With nothing to do, the actors stood about and made small talk. She ran up the stairs, her heart thumping painfully. I wouldn't dare go home without the job finished. He sat motionless, his hands over his eyes, I can't sleep with the radio on. Questions for self-control: 1. What syntactic complexes do you know? 2. Give a short description of them and theirfimctions in the sentence. The pragmatic approach to the study of grammar. Grammar in use. Making texts. The term "grammar in use" is used here in the meaning of Syntax, because it is a syntactic arrangement of words which is the most important in the process of the organization of a text and which reflects the pragmatic orientation of an utterance. Although Syntax traditionally concentrates its attention on sentences and their parts, the highest unit of Syntax is considered to be paragraph in writing. It is a text which is larger than a sentence that gives us a possibility of understanding the role and fimctions of the constituent sentences, to see their communicative importance. Recent works in the field show that tliis point of view is becoming more and more popular among linguists, there is no doubt about the generally accepted opinion that the process of learning grammar begins with the static of formal level. One must first understand how words are used with the sentence, how they colligate and collocate but the next more advanced step in grammatical studies should consist in trying to leam what function is fxdfilled by this or that particular construction. The terms 'fimction' and 'functional Syntax' are very overloaded and very often defmed differently by different scholars, but if we try to analyze some the best known works on the subject it will become clear that it is very close to linguistic semiotics. 39