Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

They gave each child a big apple. I'd like another cup of tea. I borrowed two pounds from Jane's brother. I saw by their faces that they had learned something new. It was an act of despair on her part. She admired his way of doing things. He is not a man to rely on. The then headmaster introduced the rule. 2) loose attributes e.g. Happy and carefree, the children ran down the hill. You behave like a schoolboy afraid of his teacher. Painted green, the house was almost invisible on the forest-covered hill. The Apposition is considered by some scholars a kind of attribute expressed by a noun and characterizing its headword by giving it another name or referring it to a certain class of things. Appositions are usually expressed by nouns and are divided into close and loose. 1) a close apposition enters with such close relations with its headword that they form a group with one stress. It always precedes the head noun, except in some combinations where the apposition follows the head noun. e.g. The river Thames. The opera Ivan Sysanin. The city of London. 2) a loose apposition Ann, the daughter of the landlady, was always ready to baby-sit for us. I asked Miss Grey, a neighbour and an old friend of mine, to dinner. The Glory, a British steamship, was to arrive on Monday morning. Tiiere are some parts of the sentence which are neither its main parts nor any of the usual secondary ones. Independent elements of the sentence are not directly connected with any part of the sentence - they express the speaker's attitude to or comment on what is being said in the sentence as a whole. In this fimction we usually fmd Direct Address, Parenthesis, viewpoint, attitudinal and formulaic adverbs. The Direct Address is a паше or designation of a person (or occasionally a thing) to whom the speech or writing is addressed. The direct address may consist of one word or a phrase. If it is one word this may be the person's name, profession, title, may denote a relationship between the person addressed and the speaker. If it is a phrase this may again be any of the types just mentioned or it may be some emotional address. Whether friendly as 'My dear fellow!' or hostile as "You swine!" The Parenthesis is usually defmed as words and phrases that have no syntactical ties with the sentence and express the speaker's attitude towards what he says, a genera! assessment of the statement or an indication of its soxirces, its connection with other statements or with a wider context in speech. A parenthesis refers to the sentence or clause as a whole. 36