Теоретическая грамматика английского языка
The existence of government in Englisii is also doubtful in the case of the pronoun 'whom' which is rather often replaced by the form 'who' as in the following sentence: e. g. Who(m) did you see yesterday? The third way of expressmg syntactic relations is adjoinment. Pr. Ilyish defines it in the negative way as absence of both agreement and government. The most usual example of this type is the relation between adverb and its headword (whether a verb or an adjective). e. g. laugh loudly; extremely long. One more way of expressing syntactic relations between words in a phrase is mentioned by Ilyish. It is named enclosure (замыкание). Enclosure is observed in the phrases in which some element is enclosed between two parts of another element. One of the cases of enclosure is the putting of a word between an article and the noun to which this article belongs. Any word enclosed in this way performs the fimction of an attribute. e. g. an on-the-spot investigation; the then government. Classification of phrases Various classifications of phrases have been suggested by home and foreign Imguists. Classification of phrases suggested by pr. Ilyish is based on the morphological principal. Off-phrases are distributed to definite structural patterns such as 'noun + noun' (speech sound), 'adjective + noun' (a tall man), 'verb +verb' (can go), 'verb + noun' (to hear noise), 'verb + adjective' (be quiet), 'verb + pronoun' (to dress oneself) and so on. Pr. Blokh bases his classification of phrases on the two main criteria. The first one is the relation between the components of the syntagmatic grouping. According to this criterion two mutually opposite types of syntagmatic grouping are distinguished. The groupings of the first type are composed of words equally related to each other. Such groupings are termed by Blokh equipotent. Groupings of the second type are constituent by words syntactically unequal. One of the components plays the role of the modifier of the other. Those combinations are called dominational. Foreign scholars classify word-groups taking mainly in account the status of the syntactic relations between their components. Questions for self-control: 1. What are 2 kinds of syntactic relations between words? 2. What is the relation within a phrase? 3. What ways is it expressed in? The Sentence. Its definition. The Classification of sentences. The structure of the Simple sentence. The structure of the Composite sentence. The notion of sentence though central in the hierarchy of language levels has not received exact and noncontrovercial definition in modem linguistic theory. In the 28
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