Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

The Phrase. Syntactic relations within a phrase. Types of phrases. The term phrase was introduced in the second half of the 1S"' century to denote a word group. The term accepted by the 19"' century grammar denoted at first any combination of two or more words, including that of the subject and the predicate. But later when the clause came to be defined as a syntactic unit containing the subject and the predicate the term phrase was used to designate any word group except the group of words which made up a clause. Pr. Ilyish understands by phrase every combination of two or more words which is a grammatical unit but not an analytical form of some word (e.g. not the perfect forms of the verbs). The constituence of a phrase in his opinion can belong to any part of speech. Pr. Blokh uses the term "syntagmatic grouping" instead of the term phrase which covers the following possible connections of words. Thus, he distinguishes between syntagmatic groupings of notional words alone, then syntagmatic groupings of notional and functional words, e. g. "on the table", and syntagmatic groupings of functional words only, e. g. "so bad", "such as", "must be able", etc. Traditionally two kinds of syntactic relations between words are distinguished: those of coordination and those of subordination. Coordination of words presupposes there a quality and mdependence from each of them. In subordinate phrases one component dominates over the other, not only in form but position as well. This component is called the leading element or the head of subordinate phrase. In the English language subordinate word combinations are more frequently used in comparison with the coordmate ones. Subordmate relationships between constituents of aplirase are expressed m the several ways; 1 .agreement - согласование 2.government - управление 3. adjoinment-примыкание Ilyish finds one more way which he calls enclosure. Agreement is a method of expressing a syntactic relation according to which the subordinate word talces a form similar to that of the word to which it is subordinated. The sphere of agreement in modem English is rather limited. It is reduced to the two pronouns: 'this' and 'that' which agree with the head word in number: This book - these books That book - those books Government is understood as the use of a certain form of the subordinate word required by its headword but not comcidmg with the form of the headword itself Government plays as important (msignificant) role in modem English as the agreement. The only marked cases of government of English are those which contain the use of the objective case of personal pronouns and of the pronoun 'who' / 'when'. They are subordinated to a verb or follow the preposition. Pr. Ilyish is of the opinion that this type of government is somewhat doubtful because of the growing tendency to use the forms of me, he, etc. outside their original sphere as the forms of the objective case of pronouns. 27