Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

It consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and participle I. The nominal element and participle I are in a predicative relation. Nominative absolute participial construction has the fimction of an adverbial modifier e.g. He ran into room, his eyes shining (adverbial modifier of attending circumstances). It being a hot day, they went to the river (adverbial modifier of cause). This having been settled, Bart left them (adverbial modifier of time). The past participle (participle II) is the non-finite form of the verb, combines properties of the verb and the adjective, serves as qualifying - processual name. It has no distinct combinability features or syntactic fimction features characteristic of the adverb. The past participle is a singe form, having no paradigm of its own; asked, written, sent, etc. This form may denote the action simultaneous with the action of the verb- predicate or prior to it. e.g. This is the letter written by you yesterday (письмо написанное - a prior action). Put down some words written with a final "y" in English (которые пишутся - simultaneousness). Participle П of objective verbs is always passive in meaning: the broken cup, the closed door, etc. The past participle is included in the structural formation of the present participle. Participle П has the following functions in the sentence; 1) an attribute e.g. Look at that broken cup. 2) the predicative e.g. He felt disappointed. 3) an adverbial modifier e.g. When asked he always helped me (adverbial modifier of time). Occupied by his thoughts he didn't hear my question (adverbial modifier of cause). If asked he always helped me (adverbial modifier of condition). Though occupied by iiis thoughts, he willingly answered my question (adverbial modifier of concession). He looked at me, as if bewildered by my question (adverbial modifier of comparison). 4) a part of complex object The complex object consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and participle П. The complex object with participle II is used after; 1) the verbs with a causative meanmg (to have, to get, to make) denoting that something is done or made for the benefit of the person expressed by the subject. e.g. I had my hair cut. Я постриглась (Меня постригли). Negative and interrogative sentences are formed with the help of the auxiliary verb do. 24

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