Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

firefighter fireman - flight attendant steward stewardess / air hostess head (teacher) headmaster headmistress Questions for self-control: 1. Give short characteristic to the category of Number of the Noun. 2. Give short characteristic to the category of Case of the Noun, 3. Give short characteristic to the category of Gender of the Noun, The Verb. The Category of Tense (Категория Времени) One of the typical functions of finite verb is the immediate expression of grammatical time or tense. Time as well as space is the basic form pf the existence of matter. Time should be appraised by the individual in reference to the present moment or linguistically the moment of speech. The present moment serves as the demarcation line between the past and fiature. Smimitsky considers that the three main divisions of time are represented in the English verbal system by three tenses: present, past, future. However Ilyish admits that the future-in-the-past does not easily fit into a system of tenses represented by a straight line running out of th.e past into the future. The starting point of the future-in-the-past is not the present form but the past itself According to Blokh the grammatical expression of verbal time (that is tense) is effected in two correlated stages. At the first stage the process receives an absolute time characteristic by opposing the past tense to the present tense. The strong marked member of this opposition is the past form. At the second stage the process receives a non-absolutive relative time characteristic by means of opposing the forms of the fiiture tense to the forms of no future marking. The two stages of the verbal time denotation are expressed separately by their own oppositional forms. It stands to reason to recognize in the system of the English verb not one but two temporal categories both of them answer the question what is the timing of the process. The furst category having the past tense as its strong member expresses a direct retrospective evolution of the time. It fixes a process either in the past or not in the past. The second category whose strong member is the future tense gives the timing of the process a prospective evolution. It fixes a process either in the future or not in the fijture. The Category of Aspect (Категория Вида) Is constituted by the opposition of continuous to non-continuous forms, for example, write - is writing, wrote - was writing, will write - will be writing, has written - has been writing. The continuous form is considered the strong marked member of the opposition conveying two basic meanings: the durative character of the action and its concreteness. The last term means tliat an action is taking place at some definite point 15

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