Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

Nouns with both number Singularia tantum Pluralia tantum glass glasses glass glasses стакан стаканы стеюю очки work works work works произведение(я) труд механизм сооружение(я) работа Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms: aircraft, salmon, trout, fish, sheep, crossroads, headquarters, series, species, and means. Nationality nouns ending in -ese and -ss also have the same singular and plural forms: the Chinese, the Swiss. The category of Case is the morphological category of the noun manifested in the forms of noun declension and showing the relation of the thing denoted by the noun to other objects and phenomena. Most foreign and home scholars sticls. to the opinion that there are two case forms in English. The category of Case is expressed in English by the opposition of form '"s" (called Possessive or Genitive Case) to the form of the noun without these elements usually called the Common Case. e.g. Frank's car, a dog's bark, an hour's journey, the girls' shoes. The Genitive or Possessive form is the strong marked member of the opposition. Male and female word forms. In many languages, the names of things such as book, chair, radio, table may be grammatically masculine, feminine or neuter. Often gender doesn't relax to sex, so that the word for 'girl' might be neuter and the word for 'chair' might be feminine. There is no grammatical gender for nouns in English. Though diere can be exceptions, we use only he and she to refer to people and it to refer to everything else. It is the prcmoms, not the nouns that tell us whether the reference is to male or female; He is the person you spoke to. She is the person you spoke to. We still have a few male and female word forms (man / woman) and a few -ess endings that refer to females: waiter / waitress, lion / lioness. In case of people, this - ess ending is becoming rare. In the interests of sexual equality, words like author and manager refer to both sexes, rather than using authoress or manageress for a woman. Traditional social roles often meant that man was used even for roles performed by women. Now many people prefer a neutral form for both sexes, if there is one available. Neutral traditional male traditional female chair (person) chairman chairwoman spokesperson spokesman spokeswoman police officer policeman policewoman - postman post woman businessperson businessman businesswoman 14

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