Теоретическая грамматика английского языка

3) attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative. To the basic functional words in English belong the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection. The article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions. The preposition expresses the dependencies and interdependencies of substantive referents. The conjunction expresses connections of phenomena. The particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning. The modal word expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. Here belong the fimctional words of probability (probably, perhaps, etc.), of qualitative evaluation (fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, etc.) and also of afSrmation and negation. The inteqection is a signal of emotions. Each part of speech is further subdivided into subgroup according to various semantico-fiinctional and formal features of the constituent words. Nouns are subdivided into proper / common, animate / inanimate, countable / uncountable, concrete / abstract, etc. Verbs are subdivided into fijlly predicative / partially predicative, transitive / intransitive, dynamic / stative, terminative / durative, etc. Adjectives can be qualitative / relative, of constant / temporary feature, factual / evaluative, etc. Questions for self-control: 1. Give definition to the notion 'part of speech'. 2. What are 3 criteria discriminating parts of speech? 3. What are 2 classes into which words are divided? 4. Describe the features of the noun according to the given criteria. 5. Describe the features of the adjective according to the given criteria. 6. How are nouns / verbs / adjectives fijrther subdivided? Verb: General. Classification of verbs. Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. This is due to the central role it performs in the expression of predicative functions of the sentence. The complicated character of the grammatical and lexico-grammatical structure of the verb has given rise to much dispute and controversy. The general categorial meaning of the verb is a process presented dynamically, i.e. developing in time. This holds true about finite and non-fmite verb. In the sentence the finite verb performs the function of the verb-predicate, expressing the categorial features of predication, i.e. time, aspect, voice, mood and correlation. The non-finite verb performs different fimctions (those of the syntactic subject, object, adverbial modifier, attribute). Verbs are characterized by specific forms of word-building. The verb stems may be simple, sound-replacive, stress-replacive, expanded, composite and phrasal. The original simple verb stems are not numerous, for example, go, take, read. But conversion (zero-sufFixation) as means of derivation, especially conversion of the 'noun-verb' type, greatly enlarges the simple stem sets of verbs. e.g. a cloud - to cloud, a house - to house, a man - to man, a park - to park 10