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84 is named for James Watt. The power of most electrical devices, such as (5) light bulbs and heaters, is rated in watts. 3.13. Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) The Italian physicist Alessandro Volta was a pioneer in the (1) development of electricity. He created the first electric battery while working in Paris, France. His work (2) impressed the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), who made him a count. Volta was honored again after his death, when the volt (V), the unit for (3) measuring electromotive force, was named for him. Volta also studied the (4) properties of air. In 1783 he proposed the law that air (5) expands at a constant rate with increasing temperature. This work was largely ignored, and the same idea was later advanced by others. Only in 1927 was he credited for this (6) discovery. 3.14. Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-1836) The French (1) physicist and mathematician Andre-Marie Ampere worked at the beginning of the 1800s in Paris, France. He used his mathematical and statistical (2) skills to observe and measure natural occurrences that had been discovered by other (3) European scientists. He went on to produce complete proof of the (4) relationship between electricity and magnetism. He also (5) developed a new way of classifying a chemical element. Ampere’s name was given to the basic unit of electricity the ampere or amp. 3.15. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) There are electric motors in most household appliances, from cassette (1) players to washing machines. The design of all these motors is based on the principles (2) discovered more than 150 years ago by Michael Faraday, the greatest of all English experimental physicists. First learning about science from an (3) encyclopedia, Faraday was then lucky enough to become an (4) apprentice to the noted English chemist Humphry Davy (1778-1829). Scientists at the time had just (5) realized how to produce electricity, and were looking for ways of (6) applying it. Faraday's discoveries were perfectly timed to exploit this new power. 3.16. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the physicist James Clerk Maxwell has been (1) described as the most brilliant scientist of the 1800s. His best-known work (2) established a link between electromagnetism and light. This research later helped the German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857-94) to build the first radio-wave (3) transmitter. During his carrier, Maxwell produced new theories on many scientific problems of the day: the physical (4) properties of gases; the nature of the planet Saturn's (5) rings; how humans perceive colors; and a demonstration of color photography. However, the complexity of his theories meant that he received little public (6) recognition. 3.17. Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) The name of German physicist Heinrich Hertz has become a part of everyday (1) language because of his work on electromagnetic waves. The hertz (Hz), the unit used to measure the (2) frequency of electromagnetic waves, is named for the German scientist. Hertz was inspired by the work of the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79), who had predicted the (3) existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz designed and built (4) equipment that proved that these waves exist and that they could be (5) detected at a distance. He was sure that electromagnetic waves could be used to transmit (6) messages across the Atlantic, but he died before the use of radio showed that he was right.